P0141 Saturn Read More: Http://www.autocodes.com/p0141_saturn Diagnostic Tree

Key Facts & Summary

Since ancient times Saturn was known to humanity because of its effulgence and closeness to Earth. It's non possible to give someone credit for the discovery of Saturn, however, the first telescopic observation was conducted by Galileo Galilei in 1610.
Because of the rough telescope bachelor at the time, Galileo failed to discover the rings of Saturn. The discovery of the rings was made by Christiaan Huygens in 1659.
Saturn is named afterwards the Roman god of harvest and time, the equivalent of the Greek god of time, Cronos.
Out of the five visible planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter), Saturn is the most distant from Earth, at a distance of x.6 AU and an boilerplate of 9.6 AU away from the Lord's day. Light takes approximately one hour and 29 minutes to travel from Saturn and so arrive at the states. For an actual and accurate position of Saturn, you can check information technology upwards online, as the planet is constantly tracked.
Saturn is the 2d-largest planet of the Solar Arrangement, second only to Jupiter, having a radius of 58.232 km or 36.183 mi, about ix times that of Earth.
It has a diameter of 120.536 km or 74.897 mi, well-nigh nine.five times bigger than the diameter of Globe and a surface area nigh 83 times greater.
The rings of Saturn are the nigh extensive of whatsoever other planet. They cannot be seen without an unaided eye. Generally, only 3 rings can be seen by regular telescopes, powerful telescopes can view viii rings and when the spacecraft Cassini orbited Saturn, information technology counted well above 30 rings. It is important to understand that these rings are actually endless since they are comprised of millions of mostly small rocks creating illusions of ring systems.
The band system of Saturn can extend up to 282.000 km / 175.000 mi from the planet. The rings of Saturn together with the planet itself can fit in the distance between the World and the Moon.
Information technology is the most oblate planet in the Solar Organization, with its equatorial bore of 120.536 km / 74.897 mi, beingness greater than the planet's polar diameter of 108,728 km / 67.560 mi. If viewed from a small telescope it appears flattened.
Saturn has the everyman density of all the planets - 687 kg/g³ - or in other words, it is lighter than water thus if placed on water, it would float.
The low density is attributed to its composition. The planet is largely made up of gases such as hydrogen and helium.
This together with its atmosphere that is composed of ammonia – yellow, ammonia hydrosulfide – orange, and h2o – white – influence the planet's colorful advent of a brown-yellow.
Saturn rotates quite rapidly on its axis, completing a rotation or day in almost ten.6 hours. Withal, its orbit around the Dominicus is irksome, completing one trip around the Sun or a twelvemonth, in about 29.5 Earth years.
The temperature of Saturn'due south upper atmosphere is on average about -175C (-285F), quite common cold for a gas giant, while below the clouds it gets considerably hotter.
Due to Saturn'due south axial tilt of 26.73 degrees, similar to that of Globe, the southern and northern hemispheres are heated differently, causing seasonal temperature variations. Much of these variations in temperature are horizontal.
Though it doesn't take a solid surface, being enveloped in swirling gases and liquids deeper down, it is believed that Saturn has a core much smaller than Jupiter, almost twice the size of Earth – comprised mostly of metals like fe and nickel surrounded past rocky textile, and other compounds, solidified by the intense pressure level and heat.
Periodic storms are present on Saturn. They are large enough to be seen from Globe and are named White Spots.
Recently, many other moons were discovered orbiting around Saturn, thus making the 2d-largest gas giant the planet with the most numerous satellites. Saturn now has 82 confirmed moons.
The largest moon of Saturn is named Titan. Information technology's the second biggest moon in the Solar System after Jupiter's moon Ganymede. Titan is even bigger than the planet Mercury.
Though the potential for life is nothing for Saturn, many of its moons such every bit Titan or Enceladus, have internal oceans that could possibly hold life.

Saturn - likewise nicknamed the "Ringed Planet" – has been observed since aboriginal times by dissimilar cultures around the globe. Because of this, no one can be credited with first discovering the planet. Though information technology is the well-nigh distant of the visible planets, it still can be seen with the naked center.

The start telescopic ascertainment was conducted by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Because of the crude telescope available at the time, Galileo failed to observe the rings of Saturn. He thought that the planet was surrounded very closely by two moons but when he looked again, the objects disappeared. After a couple of years, observations fabricated by Christiaan Huygens in 1659, elucidated the mystery, final that in fact, the objects were a band system surrounding Saturn.

Because of the planet'southward slow orbit around the sun, it was associated with time, and due to its golden-like glow, it was too associated with wealth. It was thus named later the Roman god of wealth and agronomics Saturn, which is the equivalent of the Greek god of time, Cronos.

Germination

Saturn formed together with the rest of the solar system most 4.5 billion years ago. Gravity pulled swirling gas and dust together and thus the gas behemothic was created. About 4 billion years ago, Saturn settled into its current position in the outer solar system. Similar Jupiter, Saturn is mostly made of hydrogen and helium, the same two master components that make upwardly the Sun.

Distance, Size, and Mass

Saturn is about 9.v times farther away from the Sun than Globe. At a distance of nine.half-dozen AU away from the Sun and ten.6 AU away from Globe, it is the 6th most afar planet.

Light takes approximately 1 hour and 29 minutes to travel from Saturn so make it at Earth. Information technology is the second-largest planet in the Solar Organization, having a radius of 58.232 km or 36.183 mi, nearly nine times that of Earth and a bore of 120.536 km or 74.897 mi, virtually 9.five times bigger than the diameter of Globe.

The surface surface area is about 83 times bigger than our planet, and the mass of Saturn is about 95 times greater.

Though the volume of Saturn is about 764 times that of Globe, it is the least dense planet in the solar arrangement. Earth is 8 times denser than Saturn, and if information technology would have a surface, the gravity would be like. The density of Saturn has been estimated to be about 0.687 grand/cm³, less dumbo than h2o due to its gaseous composition.

Orbit and Rotation

Saturn has the second-shortest mean solar day in the solar arrangement, completing a rotation quite quickly, in about ten.half-dozen hours. Yet, its orbit effectually the Lord's day is ho-hum, completing one trip around the Sun or a yr, in near 29.five Earth years. Its boilerplate orbital speed is about 9.68 km/s - vi.01 mi/south.

The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined two.48° relative to the orbital airplane of the Globe. The perihelion and aphelion distances are, respectively, ix.195 and 9.957 AU, on average.

Axial tilt

Due to Saturn'southward axial tilt of 26.73 degrees, similar to that of Earth, the southern and northern hemispheres are heated differently, causing seasonal temperature variations. Much of these variations in temperature are horizontal.

Structure

Predominately composed out of hydrogen and helium, Saturn's density is the lowest out of all the planets in the Solar Arrangement, having no true surface just like Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.

It does have a dense core in the center, composed out of water, water ice, and rocky materials, but no actual landmass. The cadre is believed to be like to that of Jupiter – rocky, enveloped past a liquid metallic hydrogen layer and a molecular hydrogen layer with traces of diverse ices.

The interior is very hot at the core – 12.000 K / 11,700 °C – and information technology radiates 2.5 times the amount of free energy it produces into space than it receives from the Sun. It is estimated that the cadre's mass is about nine-22 times bigger than that of Globe. This would result in a diameter of 25.000 km/15.534 mi or almost 2 times the size of Earth.

The thick liquid metallic hydrogen layer followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated molecular hydrogen gradually transitions to a gas with increasing altitude. The outermost layer spans ane,000 km / 621 mi and consists of gas.

Atmosphere

Covered with clouds that appear as faint stripes, jet streams and storms, Saturn'southward upper atmosphere is characterized by winds that can reach up to 1,600 feet / 500 meters per second.

The atmosphere's pressure is stiff enough that information technology squeezes gas into liquid. The temperature of Saturn's upper temper is on average about -175C (-285F), quite cold for a gas behemothic, while below the clouds it gets considerably hotter.

The temper is composed of ammonia, ammonia hydrosulfide, and water that influence the planet's colorful appearance of a brownish-yellow. The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and three.25% helium past volume.

The Great White Spot of Saturn is comprised of many periodic storms large enough to be seen from Earth through a telescope. They are several kilometers wide and encircle the planet, occurring in one case roughly every Saturnian year - every 30 World years. It is predicted that the Great White Spot will occur again in 2020 during the northern hemisphere summer solstice.

Thermography has shown that Saturn's South Pole has a warm polar vortex, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System. Whereas temperatures on Saturn are ordinarily −185 °C, temperatures on the vortex often reach equally high as −122 °C, suspected to be the warmest spot on Saturn.

North Pole Vortex

A persisting hexagonal moving ridge pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was get-go noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about 13,800 km / viii,600 mi long, which is longer than the bore of Earth.

The entire structure rotates with a catamenia of 10 hours-39 minutes - which is the aforementioned menstruation every bit that of the planets eerie radio emissions. This is also assumed to be equal to the flow of rotation of Saturn's interior.

South Pole Vortex

The Hubble space telescope imaging of the Southward Polar Region indicates the presence of a jet stream, notwithstanding no potent polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.

Afterward the Cassini spacecraft observed a hurricane-similar tempest locked to the Southward Pole that had a clearly defined eyewall. Eyewall clouds had not been seen on any other planet except for Earth. Information technology is believed that the South Pole storm may take been present for billions of years. This south vortex is comparable to the size of Globe with winds bravado at speeds of 500/km – 310/mi – per hour.

Magnetosphere

Saturn has an intrinsic magnetic field that has a uncomplicated, symmetric shape – a magnetic dipole. Its strength at the equator is about 0.2 gauss / 20 µT – approximately one-twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter. It is slightly weaker than World's magnetic field.

It is believed that Saturn's magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter: past currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo. Saturn'due south moon Titan orbits inside the outer function of the magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the ionized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere. The magnetosphere also produces aurorae.

Moons

Saturn is now the "rex of the moons" in the Solar Arrangement, having a full of 82 confirmed and diverse satellites that range from a couple of meters to several hundred kilometers.

The orbits of these 82 moons have been confirmed equally not being embedded in its rings. Only 13 of these satellites accept diameters greater than 50 km/31 mi - every bit well as dense rings that contain millions of embedded moonlets and innumerable smaller ring particles. Just vii of these moons are large enough to have collapsed into a relaxed, ellipsoidal shape, though simply one or 2, Titan and possibly Rhea, are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium. Momentarily, not all the moons have been named.

Regular Satellites

Out of the 82 moons, just 24 are regular satellites. This means they have prograde orbits not greatly inclined to Saturn'south equatorial plane. They include the vii major satellites, 4 small moons that exist in a Trojan orbit with larger moons, 2 mutually co-orbital moons and ii that act as Sheppard moons of Saturn's F Band.

Two other known regular satellites orbit within the gaps of Saturn's rings, while Hyperion is locked in resonance with Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edge of the A Ring, within G Ring, and between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus. These regular satellites are normally named afterward Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn.

Irregular Satellites

Out of the 82 moons, the remaining 58 are irregular moons with diameters ranging from iv to 213 km – 2.4 to 132 mi. They have orbits much farther from Saturn, high inclinations, and are mixed betwixt prograde and retrograde motions. Information technology is believed that these moons are actually captured pocket-size planets, or debris from the breakup of such bodies after they were captured, creating collisional families.

These irregular satellites take been classified past their orbital characteristics into the Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are called from the corresponding mythologies. The largest known irregular moon is Phoebe, the ninth moon of Saturn, discovered at the end of the xix^thursday century.

Major Moons

Saturn has seven major satellites with one of them being even bigger than the planet Mercury.

Titan

Titan is the first discovered moon of Saturn. Information technology was discovered in 1655 by astronomer Christiaan Huygens. It is the largest moon of Saturn and the 2nd-biggest moon in the Solar Organization.

It has a radius of about i.600 mi / ii.575 km and a diameter of three.199 mi / five.149 km. It is bigger in size than the planet Mercury but only forty% every bit massive. Titan is fifty% larger than Earth's moon and 80% more massive. It is almost as wide as the state of Canada.

Though it is second in size just to Jupiter'south moon Ganymede, Titan is the just moon in the Solar Organization with clouds and a dense atmosphere with articulate show of stable bodies of surface liquid.

The moon is primarily composed of ice and rocky fabric, with a rocky cadre in the middle surrounded past diverse layers of water ice, and a subsurface layer of ammonia-rich liquid h2o. The atmosphere is largely made up of nitrogen, methane, and ethane clouds with nitrogen-rich organic smog. Climate features include wind and rain that create features similar to those of Earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes, seas, and deltas.

It orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours and it is tidally locked with its parent planet, only one side of its face is director towards Saturn, permanently. The small, irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion is locked in a iii:4 orbital resonance with Titan.

Analysis of Titan's atmospheric nitrogen suggested that it has possibly been sourced from a textile like to that plant in the Oort cloud and not from sources present during co-accretion of materials around Saturn.

The surface temperature is about 94 1000 (−179.two °C). At this temperature, ice has an extremely depression vapor pressure, so the piffling h2o vapor present appears express to the stratosphere. Titan receives about 1% equally much sunlight as Earth. Atmospheric methyl hydride creates a greenhouse effect on Titan's surface, without which Titan would be far colder.

Titan is the most distant body from Globe to have a infinite probe land on its surface. The spacecraft Huygens landed on Titan in 2005. Analysis since then points out that Titan may exist a prebiotic environment rich in complex organic compounds. It contains a global ocean beneath its icy trounce, and within this sea, conditions are potentially suitable for microbial life. These discoveries brand Titan a very closely studied object, with futurity missions already being planned.

Hyperion

Information technology is the first non-circular moon to be discovered in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1848 by William Bail, George Bond, and William Lassell. Its irregular shape, chaotic rotation, and sponge-like advent make it a very unique object.

Information technology is named after the Titan god of watchfulness and observation, the elderberry brother of Cronus. Hyperion has a diameter of about 121.57 km/ 75.54 mi, making information technology i of the largest known bodies of highly irregular shape in the Solar Organization. It is believed that this moon was once part of a larger body that suffered a big bear on in the by.

Like most of the other moons, it has a low density suggesting that it is composed largely out of water water ice and rock. The surface is covered with deep, sharp-edged craters that give it an appearance similar to that of a sponge. Dark material fills the lesser of each crater. Its rotation is cluttered, wobbling so much that its orientation in space is quite unpredictable. Together with Pluto's moons Nix and Hydra, they are among the few moons in the Solar System that rotate chaotically.

Enceladus

Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn with a diameter of effectually 500 km / 310 mi. It was discovered in 1789 past William Herschel and named after the giant Enceladus of Greek mythology.

This moon is mostly covered past fresh, clean water ice, making it one of the near reflective bodies of the Solar System. The surface temperature at noon reaches 198 °C (−324 °F), far colder than a light-absorbing body would be.

Over 100 geysers accept been identified, together with water-rich plumes, cryovolcanoes that shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen, other volatiles, and solid material into space. Some of the h2o vapor falls dorsum unto its surface creating fresh snow, while the rest supplies most of the textile that makes up Saturn's E Ring system.

It is the only moon of Saturn that is currently endogenously agile while at the same fourth dimension, it is the smallest known trunk in the Solar System that is geologically active today.

Enceladus releases gas and dust at a rate of more than 100 kg/southward. Information technology may also have liquid water underneath its southward-polar surface. The free energy source for Enceladus's cryovolcanism is thought to be its 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Dione, the second-largest inner moon of Saturn.

Recently, information revealed the presence of organic compounds in the plumes of liquid water that shoot into space. These compounds acquit nitrogen and oxygen – elements that play a key office in producing amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.

Tethys

Tethys is the third-largest inner moon of Saturn. Information technology has the lowest density out of all the moons suggesting it is primarily made out of water, and a small fraction of rock. It was discovered in 1684 past Grand.D. Cassini and named after a titan of Greek mythology.

It has a diameter of well-nigh i.060 km / 660 mi and a low density of 0.98 1000/cm³. A small amount of unidentified nighttime material is nowadays on the moon. It is the second-brightest moon of Saturn and information technology is heavily cratered and cut past big faults/graben. A famous crater is named Odysseus, having a diameter of 400 km / 248 mi. It is believed that the moon formed alongside the other regular moons from the Saturnian sub-nebula – a disk of gas and grit that surrounded Saturn before long after its germination. Information technology orbits Saturn at a distance of almost 295.000 km / 183.304 mi.

Dione

Dione is the 2d-largest inner moon of Saturn. It has a college density than the geologically expressionless Rhea, the largest inner moon, but lower than that of active Enceladus.

It was discovered in 1684 by One thousand.D. Cassini and named after a titan of Greek mythology. It orbits Saturn with a semimajor axis and it is currently in a i:2 mean-motion orbital resonance with moon Enceladus, completing one orbit of Saturn for every two orbits completed by Enceladus.

This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), providing a source of heat for Enceladus'south extensive geological activity, which shows upward most dramatically in its cryovolcanic geyser-similar jets. Dione has a diameter of well-nigh 1.122 km / 697 mi, being the 15^th largest moon in the Solar System while its mass is greater than all the other small moons combined.

Near two-thirds of Dione's mass is water ice, and the remaining is a dense core, probably silicate stone. Further data suggests that information technology also has an internal liquid saltwater ocean like to Enceladus.

While the bulk of Dione'south surface is heavily cratered erstwhile terrain, the moon is besides covered with an extensive network of troughs and lineaments, indicating that in the past it had global tectonic activity. Dione may be geologically active fifty-fifty at present, although on a scale much smaller than the cryovolcanism of Enceladus.

Rhea

Named after the "female parent of the gods" in Greek mythology, Rhea was discovered in 1672 by Thou.D Cassini. Information technology is the second-largest moon of Saturn and the ninth-largest in the Solar System.

It has a density of about 1.236 k/cm^three. This low density indicates that information technology is made of ~25% stone (density ~3.25 g/cm³) and ~75% water ice (density ~0.93 g/cm³). Although Rhea is the 9th-largest moon, it is merely the tenth-well-nigh-massive moon. Rhea's features resemble those of Dione, with dissimilar leading and trailing hemispheres, suggesting similar composition and histories. The temperature on Rhea is 99 1000 (−174 °C) in direct sunlight and between 73 1000 (−200 °C) and 53 K (−220 °C) in the shade.

Rhea has a diameter of about i.528 km / 949 mi and a tenuous temper – exosphere - that consists of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is possible that Rhea may have a tenuous ring arrangement as well, meaning it would be the first moon with rings always discovered but observations go on.

Iapetus

The third-largest moon of Saturn, Iapetus orbits its planet parent at a distance of 3.5 million km / ii.1 million mi, past far the about distant of Saturn's big moons, and too it has the largest orbital inclination, 15.47°.

Known for its unusual two-toned surface, it was discovered in 1671 by G.D. Cassini and named afterwards a titan of Greek mythology. It is tidally locked, always keeping the same face towards Saturn and has a diameter of most ane.436 km / 892 mi. Due to its appearance, it is nicknamed the yin-yang of the solar system.

It besides has a low density, indicating that it is by and large comprised of ice and rocky materials. Information technology'south neither spherical nor ellipsoid simply has a bulging waistline and squashed poles. This unique equatorial ridge is so high that information technology can be viewed from a distance. The equatorial ridge runs along the center of Cassini Regio, about ane,300 km (810 mi) long, twenty km (12 mi) wide, and thirteen km (8.1 mi) loftier.

It is not well understood neither how this ridge was created nor why Iapetus has such a chaotic orbit, but more often than not, it is believed that collisions are at fault. The two-tone coloration is often attributed to Phoebe, a smaller moon that orbits Saturn. Phoebe is very dark and emits streams of particles due to the Sun'south radiation and pocket-sized collisions.

These particles accrue on one side of Iapetus while the other remains white due to differences in temperature.

Planetary Rings

The moons of Saturn too play a role in the planet'southward band system. The ring system of Saturn is the largest and most complex in the entire Solar System. They are made out of water ice and rock remnants from comets, asteroids, and moons.

These particles range in size from being as minor as dust to as big as houses, or even mountains. The ring arrangement is divided into 7 groups of rings: D Ring, C Band, B Ring, A Ring, F Ring, Thou Ring, and E Band.

Together, they are as wide every bit iv.v Earths but only about ii-thirds of a mile thick. The rings can extend upwardly to 282.000 km / 175.000 mi from the planet. They stay intact and on rails because of Saturn'southward smallest moons. These shepherding moons orbit between the rings and use their gravity to shape the ring textile into circular paths.

Life Habitability

Since it doesn't accept a true surface, simply rather swirling fluids, it is not conducive to life as we know it. The moons of Saturn however, respectively Titan and Enceladus, have internal oceans that could mayhap hold life.

Futurity plans for Saturn

Much of Saturn has been discovered, and much even so remains to be discovered. Right now, since its moons, Titan and Enceladus, accept higher chances of either containing life or being somewhat more hospitable than Saturn and the residue of its moons, most our attending is directed towards them. The conditions on Titan could become far more habitable in the far future, as such a mission named Dragonfly volition launch in 2026, consisting of a big drone powered by an RTG, to fly in the atmosphere of Titan.

The purpose of this mission is to study how far prebiotic chemical science may accept progressed. It is possible that Enceladus may also exist subject to farther observations.

Did yous know?

Saturn has the eeriest radio emissions in the Solar Organization. The planet's sounds can exist plant and listened to, on the internet.
It is estimated that Saturn volition lose its rings in nigh 100 one thousand thousand years. The rings are being pulled into Saturn by gravity every bit a dusty rain of ice particles under the influence of Saturn'southward magnetic field. This event is oftentimes called Ring Rain.
The closest distance of Saturn to World will happen in 2091, at a distance of eight.03 AU.
Y'all could fit 764 Earths inside Saturn, and nigh 1.600 Saturn'southward could fit into the Sun.
A theory suggests that Saturn and Jupiter came close to one another and thus provoked the "Bully Flood" on Earth.
Controversially, recent studies of ancient cultures bear witness that the ancients might have mistakenly considered Saturn as the Dominicus or at least, a Sun-like object. Some cultures considered that Saturn was a star.
The solar day Saturday was named after Saturn.
The winds on Saturn are the 2nd fastest among the Solar System'south planets, afterwards Neptune's.
The mean apparent magnitude of Saturn is 0.46 with a standard divergence of 0.34. Most of the magnitude variation is due to the inclination of the ring organization relative to the Sunday and Globe. The brightest magnitude, −0.55, occurs near in time to when the plane of the rings is inclined most highly, and the faintest magnitude, 1.17, occurs around the fourth dimension when they are least inclined.
Twice every Saturnian year - roughly every 15 Earth years - the rings of Saturn briefly disappear from view, due to the manner in which they are angled and because they are thin. Such an event will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will exist too close to the Sun for any ring-crossing ascertainment to exist possible.
As Saturn is now the new king of the moons, with twenty new moons being discovered, a competition is held online for the naming of these moons. The contest ends on December half dozen, 2019 – and so we recommend you lot to search for this on the net if you are interested in providing a proper name.
Saturn'southward largest moon Titan comprises more than 96% of the mass in orbit around the planet.
Scientists surmise that the atmosphere of early on Earth was similar in limerick to the current atmosphere on Titan, with the important exception of a lack of water vapor on Titan.
In ancient Greek, Saturn was known as Phainon while in Hindu astrology, information technology was known as Shani, a deity that judges anybody based on the skillful and bad deeds performed in life.
Ancient Chinese and Japanese cultures designated Saturn equally the "world star".
Almost 2 tons of Saturn's mass came from Globe – The Cassini spacecraft was intentionally vaporized in Saturn's atmosphere in 2017.
Only four spacecraft'due south have visited Saturn: NASA'Southward Pioneer 11 in 1979, NASA'South twin Voyager 1 & 2 in 1980 and 1981, and the international Cassini spacecraft mission in 2004.
The spacecraft Cassini studied Saturn for nearly xiii years.

Sources:

NASA
Wikipedia

Image source:

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